Caspian Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Caspian Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Determination of lead levels in cold and hot beverages on the Iranian market using the atomic absorption spectrometry method

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Saeed Aghebat Bekher 1
Sama Barzegar-Bafrouei 2
Farangis Marboutian 1
Alireza Bakhtiyari 3
Mehrnoush Matin 4
Melina Sadighara 5
1 Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
3 Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
5 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
10.22034/cjvs.2024.198852
Abstract
People of all age groups worldwide extensively eat fruit juices, and their consumption has grown significantly in the last two decades. In addition to being tasty and appealing to the palate, fruit juices are usually extremely nutritious as well. The nutrients and essential elements found in fruit juices contribute to the well-being of humans. Nevertheless, fruit juices may contain trace amounts of potentially toxic elements, which may have negative health effects. Low-level exposure to heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium, arsenic, and mercury can cause toxic effects. Pb is one of the most common heavy metals, recognized and highlighted as one of the most dangerous environmental poisons. The present study assessed Pb level in beverages such as peach, pomegranate, orange, Cherry, pineapple, grape, mango, aloe vera, apple banana, coffee powder, and tea powder from Tehran, Iran. All fruit juice samples were digested using a microwave digestion system and analysed using the developed and validated atomic absorption spectroscopy method. According to the results, the mean concentrations of Pb in non-carbonated fruit drinks, nectar fruit drinks, coffee powder, and tea powder were 0.01964, 0.0084, 0.198, and 1.27333, respectively. Pb concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 2.1 mg/l were found in all beverages analysed. As a result of the present study, Pb concentration means in all samples studied were high and lower than the guidelines recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Nevertheless, continuous monitoring of heavy metal pollution in beverages is highly necessary
Keywords
Beverages
Fruit drinks
Heavy metal
Histopathology
Lead
Subjects
Abdel-Rahman, GN; Ahmed, MBM; Sabry, BA and Ali, SS (2019). Heavy metals content in some non-alcoholic beverages (carbonated drinks, flavored yogurt drinks, and
juice drinks) of the Egyptian markets. Toxicol. Rep., 6: 210-214.
Ackah, M; Anim, AK; Zakaria, N; Osei, J; Saah-Nyarko, E; Gyamfi, ET; Tulasi, D; Enti-Brown, S; Hanson, J and Bentil, NO (2014). Determination of some heavy metal levels in soft drinks on the Ghanaian market using atomic absorption spectrometry method. Environ. Monit. Assess., 186: 8499-8507.
Adler, G; Nędzarek, A and Tórz, A (2019). Concentrations of selected metals (Na, K, Ca, mg, FE, CU, Zn, al, Ni, PB, cd) in coffee. Zdr Varst., 58: 187-193.
Al-Saleh, I; Al-Enazi, S and Shinwari. N (2009). Assessment of lead in cosmetic products. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 54: 105-113.
Albals, D., Al-Momani, IF; Issa, R and Yehya, A (2021). Multi-element determination of essential and toxic metals in green and roasted coffee beans: A comparative study
among different origins using ICP-MS. Sci. Prog., 104: 00368504211026162.
Alkherraz, A; Hashad, O and Elsherif, K (2019). Heavy metals contents in some commercially available coffee, tea, and cocoa samples in misurata City–Libya. Prog. Chem.
Biochem. Res., 2: 99-107.
Amorim Filho, VR; Polito, WL and Gomes Neto, JA (2007). Comparative studies of the sample decomposition of green and roasted coffee for determination of nutrients and data exploratory analysis. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 18: 47-53.
Antoine, JM; Fung, LAH and Grant, CN (2017). Assessment of the potential health risks associated with the aluminium, arsenic, cadmium and lead content in selected
fruits and vegetables grown in Jamaica. Toxicol. Rep., 4: 181-187.
Balali-Mood, M; Riahi-Zanjani, B; Mahdizadeh, A; Moradi, V and Fazeli-Bakhtiyari, R (2018). Arsenic and lead contaminations in commercial fruit juices of markets in
Mashhad, Iran. Iran. J. Toxicol., 12: 15-20.
Barone, G; Giacominelli-Stuffler, R and Storelli, MM (2016). Evaluation of trace metal and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in tea brands of different origin commercialized in Italy. Food Chem. Toxicol., 87: 113-119.
Basaran, B; Abanoz, YY; Şenol, ND; Oral, ZFY; Öztürk, K and Kaban, G (2023). The levels of heavy metal, acrylamide, nitrate, nitrite, N-nitrosamine compounds in brewed black tea and health risk assessment: Türkiye. J. Food Comp. Anal., 120: 105285.
Berego, YS; Sota, SS; Ulsido, M and Beyene, EM (2023). The contents of essential and toxic metals in coffee beans and soil in Dale Woreda, Sidama Regional State, Southern
Ethiopia. PeerJ., 11: e14789.
Carocci, A; Catalano, A; Lauria, G; Sinicropi, MS and Genchi, G (2016). Lead toxicity, antioxidant defense and environment. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 238: 45-67.
Charles, M; Uwaisu, M and Dimas, B (2021). Assessments of heavy metals in highland green tea leaves in Kakara District of Taraba, Nigeria. FTST J., 6: 226-229.
Chen, C; Qian Y; Chen, Q and Li, C (2011). Assessment of daily intake of toxic elements due to consumption of vegetables, fruits, meat, and seafood by inhabitants of
Xiamen, China. J. Food Sci., 76: T181-T188.
Collin, MS; SK Venkatraman, SK; Vijayakumar, N; Kanimozhi, V; Arbaaz, SM; Stacey, RG; Anusha, J; Choudhary, R; Lvov, V; Tovar, GI; Senatov, F; Koppala, S and Swamiappan, S (2022). Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: A review. JHM Advanc., 7: 100094.
da Silva, SA; Mendes, FQ; Reis, MR; Passos, FR; de Carvalho, AMX; de Oliveira Rocha, KR and Pinto, FG (2017). Determination of heavy metals in the roasted and
ground coffee beans and brew. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 12: 221-228.
Dabanovic, V; Soskic, M; Durovic, D and Mugosa, B (2016). Investigation of heavy metals content in selected tea brands marketed in podgorica, montenegro. Int. J. Pharm.
Sci. Res., 7: 4798-4704.
Einolghozati, M; Talebi-Ghane, E; Khazaei, M and Mehri, F (2023). The level of heavy metal in fresh and processed fruits: a study meta-analysis, systematic review, and health
risk assessment. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 201: 2582-2596.
Ernyasih, Anwar, M; Sukri, P and Anwar, D (2023). Calculating the Potential Risks of Environmental and Communities Health due to Lead Contaminants Exposure
A Systematic Review. J. Pharm. Negative Res., 14: 68-76. 
Falahi, E and Hedaiati, R (2013). Heavy metal content of black teas consumed in Iran. Food Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill., 6: 123-126.
Fathi, L; Mirza Alizadeh, A; Esmi, F; Dezhangah, S; Mehrasbi, MR; Nazari, F; Taran, J; Nezami, A; Kamali, K and Hosseini, MJ (2023). Determination of lead and cadmium in fruit juice: occurrence and risk characterisation in Iranian population. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 1-15.
Fatima, N; Khan, M and Kabeer, MS (2020). Evaluation of heavy metals content in the canned/packed fruit juices from local and imported origin in Lahore, Pak. J. Food Safe
Hyg., 6: 183-197.
Food, U and Administration, D (2013). Supporting document for action level for arsenic in apple juice. US Food and Drug Administration: Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Gan, R.-Y; Li, HB; Sui, ZQ and Corke, H (2018). Absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): An updated review. Crit.
Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 58: 924-941.
Gillis, BS; Arbieva, Z and Gavin, IM (2012). Analysis of lead toxicity in human cells. BMC Gen., 13: 344.
Godwill, AL; Jane, EA; Scholastica, IC; Marcellus, IU; Eugene, U and Gloria, OA (2015). Determination of some soft drink constituents and contamination by some heavy
metals in Nigeria. Toxicol. Rep., 2: 384-390.
Gogoasa, I; B. Adina, N; Adina, R; Maria, C; Antoanela, C and Maria, AL; Maria, BD; Danci, M and Alda, S (2017). Determination of trace elements in commercially available
instant coffees. J. Hortic . Biotechnol., 21: 1-5.
Goran, GV; Badea, E; Tudoreanu, L and Crivineanu, V (2017). Assessment of some mineral levels in canned soft drinks. One Health Int. J., 3: 64-71
Habte, G; Choi, JY; Nho, EY; Jamila, N; Khan, N; Hwang, IM and Kim, KS (2017). Determination of essential and toxic elements in tropical fruit by microwave-assisted digestion and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Anal. Lett., 50: 1025-1039.
Habte, G; Hwang, IM; Kim, JS; Hong, JH; Hong, YS; Choi, JY; Nho, EY; Jamila, N; Khan, N and Kim, KS (2016). Elemental profiling and geographical differentiation of
Ethiopian coffee samples through inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), ICPmass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and direct mercury analyzer
(DMA). Food chem., 212: 512-520.
Heshmati, A; Mehri, F; Karami-Momtaz J and Khaneghah, AM (2020). The concentration and health risk of potentially toxic elements in black and green tea—both
bagged and loose-leaf. Qual. Assur. Saf. Crop Food., 12: 140-150.
Hong, YS; Choi, JY; Nho, EY; Hwang, IM; Khan, N; Jamila, N and Kim, KS (2019). Determination of macro, micro and trace elements in citrus fruits by inductively coupled
plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES), ICP–mass spectrometry and direct mercury analyzer. J. Sci. Food Agric., 99: 1870-1879.
Hyder, Z; Rizwani, GH; Ahmed, I; Shareef, H; Azhar, I and Aqeel, E (2022). Determination of Heavy metals content, Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), and
Copper (Cu) with risk assessment to human consumption as a food and medicine in herbal species through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
IFU, FJN (2013). Health–Summary. International Federation of Fruit Juice Producers IFU, Paris (France). Karak, Tand Bhagat, R (2010). Trace elements in tea leaves,
made tea and tea infusion: A review. Food Res. Int., 43: 2234-2252.
Karami, H; Shariatifar, N; Khaniki, GJ; Nazmara, S; Arabameri, M and Alimohammadi, M (2023). Measuring quantities of trace elements and probabilistic health risk assessment in fruit juices (traditional and commercial) marketed in Iran. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 103: 5197-5211.
Karimi, G; Hasanzadeh, MK; Nili, A; Khashayarmanesh, Z; Samiei, Z; Nazari, F and Teimuri, M (2008). Concentrations and health risk of heavy metals in tea samples marketed in Iran. Pharm., 3: 164-174.
Khalid, A; Bukhari, IH; Riaz, M; Rehman, G; Ain, Q; Bokhari, TH; Rasool, N; Zubair, M and Munir, S (2013). Determination of lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in
different brands of lipsticks. Int. J. Biol. Pharm. Allied Sci., 2: 1003-1009.
Khazaei, S; Talebi Ghane, E; Bashirian, S and Mehri, F (2023). The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in fruit juices: a global systematic review, metaanalysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 103: 1259-1271.
Khunlert, P; Imsilp, K; Poapolathep, A; Poapolathep, S and Tanhan, P (2022). Pyrethroid and Heavy Metal Residues in Different Coffee Bean Preparation Processes and
Human Health Risk Assessments via Consumption. Environ. Asia., 15: 91-108.
Mariadi, PD; Lubis, AF and Ch, LS (2023). Lead Contamination in Driver's Blood and Its Effects on Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets as A Biomarker. Sainmatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam., 20: 132-139.
Massoud, R; MirMohammadMakki, F; MirMohammadMakki, SF; MirMohammadMakki, N and Massoud, A (2022). Evaluation of heavy metals in Roasted Coffee powder in Iran and Turkey. Coffee Sci., 17: 10.25186.
Mawari, G; Kumar, N; Sarkar, S; Daga, MK; Singh, MM; Joshi, TK and Khan, NA (2022). Heavy metal accumulation in fruits and vegetables and human health risk assessment: findings from Maharashtra, Ind. Environ. Health Insights., 16: 11786302221119151.
Mohammadi, S and Ziarati, P (2015). Heavy metal removal from commercially-available fruit juice packaged products by citric acid. Orient. J. Chem., 31: 409-416.
Mollakhalili-Meybodi, N; Tahmouzi, S; Javanmardi, F Nematollahi, A and Mousavi Khaneghah, A (2022). Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in coffee: a comprehensive review of toxicity, prevalence, and analytical techniques. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 1-18.
Mousavi Khaneghah, A; Mahmudiono, T; Javanmardi, F; Tajdar-Oranj, B; Nematollahi, A; Pirhadi, M and Fakhri, Y (2022). The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the coffee products: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 29: 78152-78164.
Obeng-Gyasi, E; Ferguson, AC; Stamatakis, KA and Province, MA (2021). Combined effect of lead exposure and allostatic load on cardiovascular disease mortality—a
preliminary study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18: 6879.
Ofori, H; Owusu, M and Anyebuno, G (2013). Heavy metal analysis of fruit juice and soft drinks bought from retail market in Accra, Ghana. J. Sci. Res. Rep., 2: 423-428.
Ogunlana, O; Ogunlana, O; Akinsanya, A and Ologbenla, O (2015). Heavy metal analysis of selected soft drinks in Nigeria. J. Global Biosci., 4: 1335-1338.
Omer, EOM; Labib, OA and Zafar, M (2019). Physicochemical parameters and toxic heavy metals concentration in coffee. Asian J. Appl. Chem. Res., 3: 1-8.
Petrović, SM; Savić, SR; Zvezdanović, JB; MladenovićRanisavljević, I; Cvetković, DJ and Cvetanović, AD (2020). Benefits and risks of commercially available coffee
beverages from Western Balkan. Chem. Papers., 74: 847-857.
Pigozzi, MT; Passos, FR and Mendes, FQ (2018). Quality of commercial coffees: heavy metal and ash contents. J. Food Qual., 1-7.
Pourramezani, F; Akrami Mohajeri, F; Salmani, MH; Dehghani Tafti, A and Khalili Sadrabad, E (2019). Evaluation of heavy metal concentration in imported black tea in Iran and consumer risk assessments. Food Sci. Nutr., 7: 4021-4026.
Rahman, Z and Singh, VP (2020). Bioremediation of toxic heavy metals (THMs) contaminated sites: concepts, applications and challenges. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.,
27: 27563-27581.
Rashidimehr, A; Mosavvari, Z; Ziarati, P and Eskandari, S (2023). Distribution, Accumulation, and Risk Assessment of Pb and Cd in the Tea Plant Leaves, Black Tea, and Soil
from Different Tea Plantations in Lahijan, Iran. Philippine J. Sci., 152: 2009-2018.
Rubio, C; Balverdi, M; Marchisio, P and Sales, A (2019). Levels of toxic elements in green coffee and their infusions commercialized in Argentina. SF J. Pharm. Anal. Chem., 2:
1016.
Sajjadi, SA; Mohammadi, A; Khosravi, R and Zarei, A (2022). Distribution, exposure, and human health risk analysis of heavy metals in drinking groundwater of Ghayen County, Iran. Geocarto Int., 37: 13127-13144.
Saleh, A; Abubakar, SU; Daniel, S; Musa, ZR; Ibrahim, Z. I. Hamidu, WM; Labaran, B and Sani, AM (2022). Determination of Heavy Metals and Ascorbic Acids in Some Soft Drinks Sold Within Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. Path. Sci., 8: 5001-5007.
Sardinha, D; Gueifão, S; Nascimento, AC and Castanheira, I (2014). Perfil de minerais e elementos vestigiais em néctares e sumos de fruta: uma contribuição para o estudo de dieta total.
Sarlak, Z; Rouhi, M; Mirza Alizadeh, A; Sadeghi, E; Hosseini, H and Mousavi Khaneghah, A (2023). Pb exposure from plant foods in Iran: a review. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 103: 7395-7416.
Scutarașu, EC and Trincă, LC (2023). Heavy metals in foods and beverages: global situation, health risks and reduction methods. Foods., 12: 3340.
SeyyediBidgoli, N; Mostafaii, GR; Akbari, H; Mohammadzadeh, M; Hesami Arani, M and Miranzadeh, MB (2022). Determination of the concentration of heavy metals in infused teas and their assessment of potential health risk in Kashan, Iran. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 102: 7673-7683.
Sultana, S; Ahmed, FT; Rahman, N and Alam, MF (2023). Determination of Ni, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cr and Mn in some black and green tea leaves and their infusions available in
Bangladeshi local markets. Appl. Chem. Engin., 6: 28-37.
Tang, GY; Meng, X; Gan, RY; Zhao, CN; Liu, Q; Feng, YB; Li, S; Wei, XL; Atanasov, AG and Corke, H (2019). Health functions and related molecular mechanisms of tea
components: An update review. Int. J. Molecul. Sci., 20: 6196.
Todorovska, N and Popovski, O (2012). Analysis of the chemical toxic and essential elements in fruit juices. J. Hyg. Eng. Des., 1: 105-108.
Uddin, M M; Zakeel, MCM; Zavahir, JS; Marikar, FM and Jahan, I (2021). Heavy metal accumulation in rice and aquatic plants used as human food: A general review.
Toxics., 9: 360.
Várady, M; Ślusarczyk, S; Boržíkova, J; Hanková, K; Vieriková, M; Marcinčák, S and Popelka, P (2021). Heavy-metal contents and the impact of roasting on polyphenols, caffeine, and acrylamide in specialty coffee beans. Foods., 10: 1310.
Winiarska-Mieczan, A; Kwiatkowska, K; Kwiecień, M and Zaricka, E (2021). Assessment of the risk of exposure to cadmium and lead as a result of the consumption of coffee
infusions. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 199: 2420-2428.
Wu, HM; Lin-Tan, DT; Wang, ML; Huang, HY; Lee, CL; Wang, HS; Soong, YK and Lin, JL (2012). Lead level in seminal plasma may affect semen quality for men without
occupational exposure to lead. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 10: 91.
Zazouli, MA; Bandpei, AM; Maleki, A; Saberian, M and Izanloo, H (2010). Determination of cadmium and lead contents in black tea and tea liquor from Iran. Asian J.
Chem., 22: 1387-1393.
Zhang, J; Yang, R; Chen, R; Peng, Y; Wen, X and Gao, L (2018). Accumulation of heavy metals in tea leaves and potential health risk assessment: a case study from Puan
County, Guizhou Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 15: 133.
Zhong, WS; Ren, T and Zhao, LJ (2016). Determination of Pb (Lead), Cd (Cadmium), Cr (Chromium), Cu (Copper), and Ni (Nickel) in Chinese tea with high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Food Drug Anal., 24: 46-55.
Caspian Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Volume 1, Issue 1
June 2024
Pages 55-62

  • Receive Date 12 March 2024
  • Revise Date 16 June 2024
  • Accept Date 16 June 2024